Printmaking An Artistic Medium Blending the Old and the New Free Essays

Printmaking is one of the most energizing fields of overall imaginative advances, as forward leaps in innovation and old customs are consolidated to make an amicable aesthetic medium that mixes the old and new. Printmakers are known for their one of a kind aesthetic center, yet in addition for the way that they push the limits of the medium, utilizing new strategies and apparatuses to make progressively incredible pictures. Conceived toward the start of the twentieth century, Prentiss Taylor was one such craftsman who had the option to make works spreading over the full broadness of printmaking’s development. We will compose a custom article test on Printmaking: An Artistic Medium Blending the Old and the New or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now His sincerely charged and actually amazing works are helpful to watchers and specialists even today. Prentiss Taylor was one of numerous craftsmen to come out of the Harlem Renaissance, a time of social arousing in the United States that saw African American visual craftsmanship to pick up in unmistakable quality. Taylor got popular as an artist, making lithographs that were utilized to delineate crafted by Langston Hughes, the most well known African American creator of his age. Taylor viewed himself as a surrealist, making organizations that mixed the normal with the engineered so as to make unrealistically dreamscapes. His most mainstream pieces were of the American South, utilizing his provincial information just as his affinity for expressiveness to make shockingly recognizable lithographs that despite everything appeared to be outsider and supernatural. Following in a custom of self-investigation by picture takers and printmakers, Taylor utilized the last 50% of his profession to make a progression of self-portraying lithographs which kept the strange story style of his prior works. He likewise started to turn his focal point onto parts of the American culture that he accepted required his consideration, particularly as his disappointment with the moderate advancement of African American social liberties started to cause him to notice increasingly political lithographs. The accompanying two works are commonplace of Taylor’s inventory, in spite of the fact that the broadness of his work is huge to such an extent that it is about difficult to totally summarize his imaginative works with just a couple of examinations. â€Å"Towards Santa Fe† is one of the most fascinating of Taylor’s numerous investigations of the Southern scene. Henning, 1942) The lithograph is generally bifurcated into light and dull zones over the skyline of the print, with the frontal area of the image being progressively reasonable and normal, and the foundation of the print dim, strange, and blustery. The print was made in the last 50% of Taylor’s vocation, and it demonstrates his readiness to explore different avenues regarding lithotint. The sky is framed with the reasonable mists yet additionally dull horizontal and inclining colored concealing that add obscurity to the picture while likewise creating a vibe of development profound inside the print. The print seems to have been hand colored in the wake of having been set and the editioning of the prints was constrained by a distributer as opposed to straightforwardly by the craftsman. In a totally extraordinary style, â€Å"Morelia Aqueduct† is one of the most strange of the considerable number of lithographs that Taylor made. (Lee, 1980) According to documentation included with the print, the editioning was constrained to just 35 prints, of which all were hand marked in pencil by the craftsman. The lithograph was made on wove paper, and it utilized an a lot darker ink than the past lithograph talked about. The subject was a celebrated water channel from Mexico, in spite of the fact that the consideration of living figures in the frontal area tosses the feeling of scale out of parity, causing it to seem like the reservoir conduit is a lot bigger than practical. The printmaking strategy of Prentiss Taylor advanced a lot all through his vocation, as his printmaking traversed about portion of a century. The impressions that Taylor made were made by utilizing the moving of ink through a grid made out of aluminum, run of the mill of lithographers of the time. After Taylor would draw a picture, he would utilize gum Arabic to make a substance response on a picture that he drew on limestone. Next, Taylor utilized turpentine to expel the abundance of the drawing material, and he printed with an ink (drying ink) made essential of linseed oil and varnish with a limited quantity of shade. Prentiss Taylor infrequently utilized multicolor lithographs, yet he tested a lot with the utilization of chromolithography by utilizing various stones for each shading, viably utilizing numerous presses so as to make his creations in layers. This would clarify why the shading lithographs that Taylor endeavored commonly had level appearances and exceptionally wide regions of shading as opposed to fine detail. Prentiss Taylor speaks to a whole age of lithographers in the United States both through his variety of subjects and through his innovative experimentation all through his profession. Taylor utilized some chromolithography however he for the most part remained with high contrast symbolism, utilizing hand coloring now and again to make the prints progressively strange. Hand coloring likewise gave a strategy that Taylor could use to add fine concealing to representations which didn't in any case loan themselves well to lithography. While Taylor began as a generally held craftsman who concentrated on scenes and unpretentious pictures, he transformed into a considerably more forceful pundit as he matured. â€Å"His later work in high contrast has been produced by a similar impulse to strike out at an unfeeling and determined society that has carried consideration and acknowledgment to his artworks in the last couple years. † (Ward, 1939) The most effective method to refer to Printmaking: An Artistic Medium Blending the Old and the New, Essay models

A Synopsis of the Movie Fight Club Essay

The film starts as Jack, the hero, is caught in a condition of sleep deprivation by his position at figuring the expense of reviewing a flawed vehicle instead of paying court settlements to the family members of the individuals slaughtered by that vehicle. He at that point suggests the one that appears to be more affordable. While he attempts to contend with a specialist about how he can begin dozing, the specialist happens to offer a snide comment about how on the off chance that he needs to see genuine torment he ought to go to a care group for men with testicular malignant growth. Jack takes this comment truly. It is there that he meets Bob, whom I will depict in the blink of an eye. Anyplace, he starts to discover the care groups addictive, and goes to increasingly more of them, and finds that they permit him to rest. Not long after in the film we discover Jack meeting Tyler Durden on a plane outing, and when his loft later detonates Jack meets Tyler Durden in a bar. Having conse nted to let Jack remain at his home, Tyler requests that Jack punch him. He discloses to Jack this will cause him to feel that his life was undoubtedly energizing, and Jack obliges. They start to battle, and others start to remain around, needing to join also. They assemble, fighting among themselves that society was attempting to transform them into weak and uniform machines and keeping them from feeling like genuine individuals, continually revealing to them that they have to purchase a wide range of stuff that they just need in light of the fact that the notices said they did. Really soon there are week by week social occasions of these men, sitting tight for an opportunity to battle each other, and afterward they move into the storm cellar of a neighborhood bar. An ever increasing number of men start to go to Fight Club with the express understanding that they would not make reference to it, and gossipy tidbits start to flow of Clubs in different urban areas. Bit by bit Durden starts to make the Club increasingly included, giving out â€Å"homework assignments†, for example, to stir up some dust with an outsider and lose. In this manner Jack winds up looking as Durden organizations Project Mayhem, an outward endeavor at changing society dependent on broad assaults on espresso establishments and corporate work of art. At last Durden plots to explode ten significant Visa organizations, with the aim that to eradicate everyone’s obligation would make mayhem, and permit society to re-arrange itself from that disorder. Numerous pundits of the film discovered it to depict introverted practices as a substantial method of communicating. (Especially if just the start and center of this film are seen.) They contend that its savagery is there simply to draw a crowd of people. This is bolstered by various cases of youngsters and young men vandalizing vehicles as was done in the film or framing clubs of their own. Thusly many state that the film prevails with regards to excusing what the closure denounces. They state that it advances savagery by causing it to appear to be so appealing in grime of the film, paying little heed to the end. In light of this contention, we will continue with our investigation of the film itself. One of the chief topics in Fight Club is its treatment of viciousness and its relationship with manliness. The men in the film are depicted as standing up to a general public which gives them small significance and will not give them what they feel to be a claim, an important, gainful spot in the public arena. Tyler Durden, the pioneer of Fight Club and the indication of the irate, distanced, and purposeless inclination, verbalizes this, â€Å"We’re the center offspring of history, with no unique reason or spot. We don’t have an incredible war in our age, or an extraordinary despondency. The incredible despondency is our lives. The incredible war is an otherworldly war. We have been raised by TV to accept that we’ll be moguls and film divine beings and rock starsâ€but we won’t And we’re discovering that reality. What's more, we’re incredibly, pissed off.† The men in this film, having their conventional manly job of provider apparently denied by women's liberation and left with futile corporate occupations make up for this loss of manliness and control by re-confirming their manliness for themselves through the main manly conduct they despite everything can do: battling. As per Jackson Katz: One way that the framework permits common laborers men (of different races) the open door for what Brod alludes to as â€Å"masculine personality validation† is using their body as an instrument of intensity, predominance, and control. For average workers guys, who have less access to progressively extract types of manliness approving force (monetary force, work environment authority), the physical body and its potential for brutality give a solid methods for accomplishing and declaring â€Å"manhood†. Bounce additionally fits this depiction of battling as pay for that feeling of loss of motion keeping men from being either a vital piece of society or having the option to transform it with the goal that one can be. Through a mix of the treatment for testicular malignant growth and of expanded estrogen because of his steroid use while a jock which Bob was left with strangely huge bosoms and left him with next to no observation or himself as manly or significant to anybody. In any case, Bob later shows up in the film as an individual from Fight Club, where he finds that by and by he can act â€Å"like a man† and feel as though his manliness is approved. Jack discovers Durden’s statements that the men in their age have no other method to communicate their singularity or to liberate themselves from realism than to battle one another, and to utilize their battling as a strategy for filling the void left by the evacuation of commendable jobs for men in the public eye. In the start of the film Jack is utilizing mail-request lists, getting so fixated on purchasing whatever he sees promoted in them that his requests become a conclusion to themselves. I would flip and miracle, â€Å"What sort of lounge area set ‘defines’ me as a person?† He turned out to be so fixated on getting what he found in the lists that he topped off his condo with furniture and a wide range of other stuff he didn’t need. This appears to be likewise to address the expanding statement by ads that you can be characterized and given a spirit by obtaining items. Durden likewise talked about this kind of cycle: â€Å"Look at the folks in battle club. The most grounded and sharpest men who have ever lived †and they’re siphoning gas and tending to tables; or they’re slaves with white collars. Publicizing makes them pursue vehicles and garments. An entire age working in occupations they loathe, to make sure they can purchase poo they donâ €™t truly need.† He was implying the shackles that a culture dependent on obtaining has on its individuals, and welcoming these individuals (in particular men) to lose the shackles and demonstrate that they didn’t need a superior lounge area set to characterize them. All they required, he guaranteed them, was to battle, and would show their humankind and manliness through that. During another of his objections about the male relationship with society, Durden once happened upon a fashioner apparel bulletin highlighting a solid man in pants and no shirt, and censured it much like different pundits of advertisements which utilize unreasonable shows of female magnificence to sell items asked, â€Å"Is this what a genuine man looks like?† After covering it with blood, he broadcasts, â€Å"Guys pressing into the rec centers, all attempting to look like what Calvin Klein says. Quarrel club isn’t over looking good.† Susan Faludi, creator of Stiffed: the Betrayal of the American Man† calls this kind of â€Å"ornamental masculinity† a central point in the â€Å"Angry White Male† mindset: The more I consider what men have lostâ€a helpful job in open life, a method of acquiring a better than average living, conscio us treatment in the cultureâ€the more I can't help suspecting that men are falling into a status strangely like that of ladies at midcentury. The ’50s housewife, deprived of her associations with a more extensive world and welcome to fill the void with shopping and the fancy showcase of her ultrafeminity, could be said to have transformed into the ’90s man, deprived of his associations and welcome to fill the void with utilization and an exercise center reared show of his ultramasculinity. The vacant pay of a â€Å"feminine mystique† and changing into the unfilled pay of a manly persona. Douglas Rushkoff gives his record of the change from a straight and consistent world to one that was non-direct and spasmodic. Prior to this switch, white collar class men were viewed as important and altruistic position figures who were a mainstay of society and who consistently prevailing with regards to bringing home nourishment for the table since his work paid moderately well. The general public felt that there was esteem likewise in getting however many new and mechanically propelled assets as would be prudent, which took into consideration the men to guarantee that their spouses would think that its charming to exhaust the entirety of their vitality at home, cooking and vacuuming and purchasing better things for cooking and vacuuming. Along these lines men were given the incredible dominant part of political force and regard. In any case, the attention to the defilement i n politicians’ lives from Watergate, the national disarray after a nation had the option to watch Kennedy killed on TV, and potentially the most enduring of all, the first occasion when that common residents had the option to see battle in Vietnam on the evening news, making a considerably more dubious attitude toward the administration and military, made society become irregular. The previous male superficial point of interest was obliged progression, supplanted by sexual orientation fairness which kept men from utilizing the female persona furthering their potential benefit, making them less inclined to have a reliant spouse and family. They did not have that significance which they had when they were accommodating their posterity and mate, to place it in an organic idea, so their inspiration to work was to a great extent gone, with commercialization alone unfit to fill the void. Their capacity h

Anchorage

Anchorage Anchorage ang ´k?rij [key], city (1990 pop. 226,338), Anchorage census div., S central Alaska, a port at the head of Cook Inlet; inc. 1920. It is the largest city in the state, the administrative and commercial heart of S central and W Alaska, one of the nation's key defense centers, and a vital transportation hub. Glenn Highway connects the city to the Alaska Highway and the Parks Highway. The international airport is a regular stop on intercontinental and transpolar flights. The city includes two U.S. military bases, Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base. Anchorage is also the headquarters for the major oil and gas companies in Alaska. With oil discoveries in Cook Inlet in the late 1950s, and the discovery of massive petroleum and natural gas reserves in the Prudhoe Bay region in 1968, the population has more than quadrupled. Tourism has also increased dramatically, largely due to improvements in transportation and the creation of numerous national parks. Anchorage was fo unded (1915) as construction headquarters for the Alaska RR and grew as a railroad town. It also became a fishing center, a market and supply point for gold-mining regions to the north, and the metropolis for the coal mining and farming of the Matanuska valley. World War II brought the establishment of the large military bases and the enormous growth of air and rail traffic. The city suffered severe damage in the 1964 earthquake. Points of interest include Earthquake Park and several notable museums. The annual Iditarod Race (see under Iditarod ) starts from Anchorage, and a Fur Rendezvous winter carnival is held in the city every year. The city is the seat of Alaska Pacific Univ. and a campus of the Univ. of Alaska. Portage Glacier and Lake Hood are nearby, and Denali (Mt. McKinley) is visible from the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geograp hy

Essay Voltaire - 549 Words

Voltaire The building blocks of the Enlightenment were formed out of a desire for truth, reason, and freedom – virtually contingent upon the last. An examination of Voltaire’s Candide and La Feyette’s Princess of Cleves, both well recognized pieces of the period, exemplify two views of freedom, the first based on its use in moderation and the latter making it a relative term. Relative freedom meaning it is correspondent to one’s social, economic, and religious place with in society. In Candide, the main character’s own freedom and ability to make decisions is rather dangerous too not only himself but to others as well. Freedom to choose to dedicate his life to a relentless pursuit of his dear Cunegonde led to not only her†¦show more content†¦Her way of life is according to the virginal, puritan values of her mother. The princess’s gender, along with the time period addressed in this novella, limit her freedom. The few liberties she is l eft with only lead to her unhappiness and that of the two men in her life. The princess makes a free decision to confess â€Å"such as no woman has ever made to her husband† of her forbidden passions for another man (125). Her freedoms only haunt her and leave her alone in the end. It causes the death of her beloved husband and the solitude of both her and the Duke. Accompanying the negative outcomes, there are many restraints place on the degree to which the freedom extends. When feeling overwhelmed with her surrounding society Madame de Cleves must ask her husband if she may remain where they live as the court continues onward. Her one effort to temporarily escape from the â€Å"bustle of the court† is questioned by another person, pure evidence of the circumstantial freedom she is allowed. Along with her husband’s powers, while her mother was alive, she held on to a portion of Madame de Cleves’ freedom. Her mother and society built the rules an d morals she lived by, none of which were her own. When confronted with the affliction between her husband and the man she truly loves, her mother merely reminds her to think of â€Å"what [she] owes [her] husband† and to â€Å"remember that [she] is in danger of losing thatShow MoreRelated Voltaire760 Words   |  4 Pages Voltaire was a talented, assertive, and controversial French writer from the eighteenth century enlightenment period. He was born in 1694 to a wealthy family in Paris, and given the name Francois-Marie Arouet. During the early years of his life Voltaire endured many hardships. For instance, his mother passed away when he was seven leaving only his father and older brother to raise him. Unfortunately, this added insult to injury as Voltaire despised both his father and brother. NeverthelessRead MoreVoltaire s Candide By Voltaire2264 Words   |  10 Pages Candide by Voltaire Book Critique Emma Joy Mr. Boni World History 2- Period 2 12/19/14 I. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Bantam Books, 1959. Candide by Voltaire is a very educational and informative piece. It was chosen to be read so the students could gain a better understanding of some of the written pieces in the Enlightenment. Voltaire also makes many references as to what life was like in the 18th century. Voltaire not only describes the scenery but he gives a description ofRead MoreVoltaire s View Of Voltaire1213 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaire was an enlightenment provider who wrote many play and books. He was a famous writer, who made a lot of money and he wanted money. So everything he accomplished, he did because he thought people are going to buy for him to be rich. One of his most famous is the story of Candide in which he wrote to be entertained. The book is a satire in which Voltaire in some way criticizes the institutions, and the people. Although Voltaire’s societies had many advances, this made him criticize differentRead MoreVoltaire2028 Words   |  9 Pagescollection of written documents tha t Voltaire wrote between 1726 and 1729 on his experiences he had while staying in England. After its publication in French in 1734, many people of French ethnicity saw it as a bashing of the French government, and even a little bit on the Catholic religion. Voltaire does seem to be fairly favorable towards the English in his letters, which is understandable after he was exiled in his homeland of France multiple times. In many cases Voltaire saw in England what he wishedRead MoreCandide by Voltaire948 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs of an opposing philosopher of the Enlightenment period . But perhaps the most powerful of his satires in his novel is on religion. Voltaire believes in God, but rather a forceful disapproval of religion. He believes that all people should serve God in their own way instead of being told how to believe God through religious officials. The first example of Voltaire mocking religion is after Candide leaves the castle of Baron Von Thunder Ten Tronckh of West phalia. Devastated by the loss of his relationshipRead MoreVoltaire And His Candide - Voltaire s Candide1211 Words   |  5 PagesVoltaire and his Candide Introduction Voltaire is the leader of the French Enlightenment, he enjoyed high prestige in the enlightenment movement. His life was spent in against the feudal regime system and the reactionary forces of the church (Gorbatov, 2006). Voltaire was knowledgeable, he had many works (including philosophy, history, literature, science, etc., throughout his literary creation, the most valuable was his philosophical novels (Sutcliffe, 2000). These novels maintained the vitalityRead MoreCandide by Voltaire847 Words   |  3 Pagesenlightenment thinkers and philosophers. Voltaire demonstrates three different enlightenment thoughts or views in his work: anti-feudalism, optimism, and the hypocrisy of the Christian church. Perhaps the most common and well-known characteristic of the Enlightenment was anti-feudalism. Philosophers during the Enlightenment advocated against the separation of the nobility from the other social classes and tried to obtain equality among all human beings. In Candide Voltaire writes about the outlandish actionsRead MoreVoltaire and The Enlightenment1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment was revolutionary because of Voltaire, a writer that used his ideas to attack the established Catholic Church, and to propagate the freedom of religion, scientific thoughts, skepticism and experiential philosophy. Voltaire was born in 1694, a year that was under the regiment of Louis XIV. At that time, the aristocracy ruled France in an extreme way that most commoners were struggling in poverty. From a middle-class family, Voltaire did not like the political environment of FranceRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment By Voltaire1572 Words   |  7 Pages1. Do some research on Voltaire and his beliefs as well as the era in which he wrote, which was the Age of Enlightenment. Be sure to cite your sources of information. The Age of Enlightenment occurred from the 1620s until the 1780s. This movement began in England, and steadily spread almost worldwide before long. The term Enlightenment was used to contrast the Dark Ages, a time in which innovation and free-thinking was at an all-time low. Voltaire’s French philosophy included free-thinking andRead MoreLetters on England by Voltaire1134 Words   |  5 Pagessmall collection of letters written by Voltaire (born Franà §ois-Marie Arouet) in 1733 which offers a survey of societal England from the view of a Frenchmen. The original Letters on England, titled Lettres philosophiques, was written in English by Voltaire. This first edition was quite a cumbersome read and so in 1980 Leonard Tancock retranslated the book to English from a previous French edition. Just a few years prior to the release of Letters on England, Voltaire had been imprisoned by France and

Conformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible And Frederick...

Roxana Saberi once said, I learned that maybe other people can hurt my body, maybe they could imprison me, but I did not need to fear those who hurt my body, because they could not hurt my soul, unless I let them.† Even when faced with adversity, Saberi and many others before and after her time have shown that choosing to rebel against conformity builds a strong sense of individuality. This is revealed in Arthur Millers, The Crucible and Frederick Douglass, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, when John Proctor and Frederick Douglass make the decision to go against the norms of their communities. Through both Proctor and Douglass, Miller and Douglass show the development of a sense of self and confidence when standing by an†¦show more content†¦Although Proctor and Douglass ultimately put themselves in difficult positions, their acts of defiance allow them to identify with themselves. This new sense of identity that Proctor and Douglass have obtained build s on their individual mindsets versus having the same perspective as everyone in their communities. In addition to Proctor and Douglass discovering who they are from an individual standpoint, both men also gain self-confidence in their newly found individuality. As Douglass continues to learn of the inconsistencies of slavery, his confidence in himself being free increases. I date the entertainment of deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace... (Douglass 77). Douglass wants to convey his belief that his life as slave is a temporary lifestyle. In expressing his belief, Douglass establishes a confident tone in order to create an uplifting mood that his audience can feed off of. Moreover, Miller also displays the escalation of Proctors self-confidence when he makes the decision not to confess to witchcraft. I can. And theres your first marvel that I can... For now, I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor (4.933-937). Miller creates an earnest tone to point out the shift in Proctors level of confidence. With Proctor being content with making a decision that people are against, Miller conveys to his audience thatShow MoreRelatedConformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible And Frederick Douglass713 Words   |  3 Pagesand many others before and after her time have shown that choosing to rebel against conformity builds a strong sense of individuality. This is revealed in Arthur Millers, The Crucible and Frederick Douglass, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, when John Proctor and Frederick Douglass make the decision to go against the norms of their communities. Through both Proctor and Douglass, Miller and Douglass highlight the development of a sense of self and confidence when standing by an individual Conformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible And Frederick... Roxana Saberi; an Iranian prisoner of war, once said, I learned that maybe other people can hurt my body, maybe they could imprison me, but I did not need to fear those who hurt my body, because they could not hurt my soul, unless I let them.† Even when faced with adversity, Saberi and many others before and after her time have shown that choosing to rebel against conformity builds a strong sense of individuality. This is revealed in Arthur Millers, The Crucible and Frederick Douglass, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, when John Proctor and Frederick Douglass make the decision to go against the norms of their communities. Through both Proctor and Douglass, Miller and Douglass highlight the development of a sense of self†¦show more content†¦Although Proctor and Douglass ultimately put themselves in difficult positions, their acts of defiance allow them to identify with themselves. This new sense of identity that Proctor and Douglass have obtained builds on their individual mindsets versus having the same perspective as everyone in their communities. In addition to Proctor and Douglass discovering who they are from an individual standpoint, both men also gain self-confidence in their newly found individuality. As Douglass continues to learn of the inconsistencies of slavery, his confidence in himself being free increases. I date the entertainment of deep conviction that slavery would not always be able to hold me within its foul embrace... (Douglass 77). Douglass wants to convey his belief that his life as a slave is a temporary lifestyle. In expressing his belief, Douglass establishes a confident tone in order to create an uplifting mood that his audience can feel. Moreover, Miller also displays the escalation of Proctors self-confidence when he makes the decision not to confess to witchcraft. I can. And theres your first marvel that I can... For now, I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor (4.933-937). Miller creates an earnest tone to point out the shift in Proctors level of confidence. With Proctor being cont ent with making a decision that people are against, Miller conveys to his audience that individuality is connectedShow MoreRelatedConformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible And Frederick Douglass705 Words   |  3 Pagesand many others before and after her time have shown that choosing to rebel against conformity builds a strong sense of individuality. This is revealed in Arthur Millers, The Crucible and Frederick Douglass, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, when John Proctor and Frederick Douglass make the decision to go against the norms of their communities. Through both Proctor and Douglass, Miller and Douglass show the development of a sense of self and confidence when standing by an individual

Microeconomics/Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Questions and Answers Free Essays

Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis INTRODUCTION THIS CHAPTER HAS TWO PURPOSES: TO INTRODUCE STUDENTS TO SOME OF THE BASIC LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS AND TO STIMULATE STUDENT INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT. IT CONVEYS TO STUDENTS THAT ECONOMICS IS NOT ONLY FOUND IN THE FINANCIAL SECTION OF THE NEWSPAPER, BUT ALSO IS VERY MUCH A PART OF THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES. BEGINNING WITH THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES BUT UNLIMITED WANTS, THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD AND THE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics/Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Questions and Answers or any similar topic only for you Order Now CONCEPTS INTRODUCED INCLUDE: RESOURCES, GOODS AND SERVICES, THE ECONOMIC ACTORS IN THE ECONOMY, AND MARGINAL ANALYSIS. TWO MODELS FOR ANALYSIS, THE CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL AND STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, ARE INTRODUCED. THE APPENDIX INTRODUCES THE USE OF GRAPHS. CHAPTER OUTLINE THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM: SCARCE RESOURCES, UNLIMITED WANTS Use PowerPoint slide 3 for the following section Economics is about making choices. The problem is that wants or desires are virtually unlimited while the resources available to satisfy these wants are scarce. A resource is scarce when it is not freely available, when its price exceeds zero. Economics studies how people use their scarce resources in an attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants. Use PowerPoint slides 4-9 for the following sections Resources: The inputs, or factors of production, used to produce the goods and services that humans want. Resources are divided into four categories: 1. Labor: Human effort, both physical and mental 2. Capital: †¢ Physical capital: Manufactured items (tools, buildings) used to produce goods and services. †¢ Human capital: Knowledge and skills people acquire to increase their labor productivity. 3. Natural resources: gifts of nature, bodies of water, trees, oil reserves, minerals and animals. These can be renewable or exhaustible. . Entrepreneurial ability: The imagination required to develop a new product or process, the skill needed to organize production, and the willingness to take the risk of profit or loss. Payments for resources: Labor–wage; capital–interest; natural resources–rent; entrepreneurial ability–profit. Use PowerPoint slides 10-12 for the following section Goods and Services: R esources are combined to produce goods and services. †¢ A good is something we can see, feel, and touch (i. e. , corn). It requires scarce resources to produce and is used to satisfy human wants. A service is not tangible but requires scarce resources to produce and satisfies human wants (i. e. , haircut). †¢ A good or service is scarce if the amount people demand exceeds the amount available at a price of zero. Goods and services that are truly free are not the subject matter of economics. Without scarcity, there would be no economic problem and no need for prices. Use PowerPoint slide 13 for the following section Economic Decision Makers: There are four types of decision makers: 1. Households 2. Firms 3. Governments 4. The rest of the world Their interaction determines how an economy’s resources are allocated. Use PowerPoint slide 14 for the following section Markets: †¢ Buyers and sellers carry out exchanges in markets. †¢ Goods and services are exchanged in product markets. †¢ Labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability are exchanged in resource markets. Use PowerPoint slides 15-16 for the following section A Simple Circular Flow Model: A simple circular flow model in Exhibit 1 describes the flow of resources, products, income and revenue among economic decision makers. The Art of Economic Analysis Use PowerPoint slide 17 for the following section Rational Self-Interest †¢ Economics assumes that individuals, in making choices, rationally select alternatives they perceive to be in their best interests. †¢ Rational refers to people trying to make the best choices they can, given the available information. †¢ Each individual tries to minimize the expected cost of achieving a given benefit or to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost. Use PowerPoint slide 18 for the following section Choice Requires Time and Information: Time and information are scarce and therefore valuable. Rational decision makers acquire information as long as the expected additional benefit from the information is greater than its expected additional cost. Use PowerPoint slide 19 for the following section Economic Analysis Is Marginal Analysis †¢ Economic choice is based on a comparison of the expected marginal cost and the expected marginal benefit of the action under consideration. †¢ Marginal means incremental, additional, or extra. †¢ A rational decision maker changes the status quo if the expected marginal benefit is greater than the expected marginal cost. Use PowerPoint slides 20-21 for the following section Microeconomics and Macroeconomics †¢ Microeconomics: The study of individual economic choices (e. g. , your economic behavior). †¢ Macroeconomics: The study of the performance of the economy as a whole, as measured, for example, by total production and employment. †¢ Economic fluctuations: The rise and fall of economic activity relative to the long-term growth trend of the economy; also called business cycles. Use PowerPoint slide 22 for the following section The Science of Economic Analysis The Role of Theory: An economic theory is a simplification of economic reality that is used to make predictions about the real world. An economic theory captures the important elements of the problem under study. Use PowerPoint slides 23-26 for the following section The Scientific Method: A four-step process of theoretical investigation: 1. Identify the question and define relevant variables. 2. Specify assumptions: †¢ Other-things-constant assumption: Focuses on the relationships between the variables of interest, assuming that nothing else important changes (i. e. , ceteris paribus). Behavioral assumptions: Focus on how people will behave (i. e. , in their rational self-interest). 3. Formulate a hypothesis, a theory about how key variables relate to each other. 4. Test the hypothesis. Compare its predictions with evidence. The theory is then either rejected, accepted, or modified and retested. Use PowerPoint slide 27 for the following section Normative vs. Positive †¢ A p ositive economic statement concerns what is; it can be supported or rejected by reference to facts. †¢ A normative economic statement concerns what should be; it reflects an opinion and cannot be shown to be true or false by reference to the facts. Economists Tell Stories Use PowerPoint slide 28 for the following section CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines Use PowerPoint slide 29 for the following section Predicting Average Behavior: The task of an economic theory is to predict the impact of an economic event on economic choices and, in turn, the effect of these choices on particular markets or on the economy as a whole. Economists focus on the average, or typical, behavior of people in groups. Use PowerPoint slides 30-31 for the following section Some Pitfalls of Faulty Economic Analysis The fallacy that association is causation: The fact that one event precedes another or that two events occur simultaneously does not mean that one caused the other. †¢ The fallacy of composition: The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or the part, is true for the group, or the whole. †¢ The mistake of ignoring secondary effects: (unintended consequences of policy) If Economist Are So Smart, Why Aren’t The y Rich? Use PowerPoint slides 32-33 for the following section CaseStudy: College Major and Annual Earnings Appendix: Understanding Graphs Use PowerPoint slides 34-39 for the following section Drawing Graphs †¢ Origin: The point of departure, the point from which all variables are measured. †¢ Horizontal axis: The value of the x variable increases as you move along this axis to the right of the origin; a straight line to the right of the origin. †¢ Vertical axis: The value of the y variable increases as you move upward and away from the origin; a straight line extending above the origin. †¢ Within the space framed by the axes, you can plot possible combinations of the variables measured along each axis. †¢ Graph: A picture showing how variables relate. Time-series graph: Shows the value of one or more variables over time. †¢ Functional relation: Exists between two variables when the value of one variable depends on the other variable (e. g. , the value of the independent variable determines the value of the dependent variable). †¢ Types of relationships between variables: – Posi tive, or direct, relation: As one variable increases, the other variable increases. – Negative, or inverse, relation: As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. – Independent, or unrelated relation: As one variable increases, the other variable remains unchanged or unrelated. Use PowerPoint slides 40-46 for the following section The Slopes of Straight Lines †¢ The slope of a line measures how much the vertical variable (y) changes for each 1-unit change in the horizontal variable (x). †¢ The slope of a line is a convenient device for measuring marginal effects. Slope reflects the change in y for each one unit change in x. †¢ The slope of a line does not imply causality but indicates a relation between the variables. †¢ The slope of a line is the change in the vertical distance divided by the increase in the horizontal distance. The slope of a line depends on how units are measured; the mathematical value of the slope depends on the units of measurement in the graph. †¢ The slope of a straight line is the same everywhere along the line. †¢ The slope of a curved line varies from one point to another along the curve. †¢ If the slope is: – Positive: There is a positive or direct relation between the variables.  œ Negative: There is a negative or inverse relation between the variables. – Zero or assumed infinite: There is no relation between the variables; they are independent or unrelated. Use PowerPoint slides 47-48 for the following section The Slope, Units of Measurement, and Marginal Analysis The Slopes of Curved Lines Curve Shifts: A change in an underlying assumption is expressed by a shift in the curve. Chapter SUMMARY ECONOMICS IS THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE CHOOSE TO USE THEIR SCARCE RESOURCES TO PRODUCE, EXCHANGE, AND CONSUME GOODS AND SERVICES IN AN ATTEMPT TO SATISFY UNLIMITED WANTS. THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM ARISES FROM THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SCARCE RESOURCES AND UNLIMITED WANTS. IF WANTS WERE LIMITED OR IF RESOURCES WERE NOT SCARCE, THERE WOULD BE NO NEED TO STUDY ECONOMICS. Economic resources are combined in a variety of ways to produce goods and services. Major categories of resources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability. Because economic resources are scarce, only a limited number of goods and services can be produced with them. Therefore, goods and services are also scarce, so choices must be made. Microeconomics focuses on choices made in households, firms, and governments and how these choices affect particular markets, such as the market for used cars. Choice is guided by rational self-interest. Choice typically requires time and information, both of which are scarce and valuable. Whereas microeconomics examines the individual pieces of the puzzle, macroeconomics steps back to consider the big picture—the performance of the economy as a whole as reflected by such measures as total production, employment, the price level, and economic growth. The 2008-2009 recession illustrates economic fluctuations, the rise and fall of economic activity relative to the long-term growth trend of the economy. Economic fluctuations are also called business cycles. These cycles will be a major topic in the macroeconomics course. Economists use theories, or models, to help understand the effects of an economic change, such as a change in price or income, on individual choices and how these choices affect particular markets and the economy as a whole. Economists employ the scientific method to study an economic problem by (a) formulating the question and isolating relevant variables, (b) specifying the assumptions under which the theory operates, (c) developing a theory, or hypothesis, about how the variables relate, and (d) testing that theory by comparing its predictions with the evidence. A theory might not work perfectly, but it is useful as long as it predicts better than competing theories do. Positive economics aims to discover how the economy works. Normative economics is concerned more with how, in someone’s opinion, the economy should work. Those who are not careful can fall victim to the fallacy that association is causation, to the fallacy of composition, and to the mistake of ignoring secondary effects. The appendix to this chapter deals with the construction and interpretation of graphs. TEACHING POINTS 1. THIS COURSE WILL PROVIDE THE FIRST EXPOSURE TO THE ECONOMIC WAY OF THINKING FOR MANY OF YOUR STUDENTS. ALTHOUGH IT SEEMS NATURAL TO YOU, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PRESENTS A FORMIDABLE CHALLENGE TO MANY STUDENTS. YOU MAY WISH TO CONSIDER PRESENTING ECONOMICS AS ONE OF MANY APPROACHES TO DESCRIBING HUMAN BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN AS A BODY OF ESTABLISHED DOCTRINES. INTRODUCING A TOPIC WITH RELEVANT QUESTIONS TO WHICH ECONOMICS PROVIDES AN ANSWER GENERALLY ENHANCES STUDENT INTEREST IN ECONOMICS. SUCH QUESTIONS APPEAR AT THE BEGINNING OF EACH CHAPTER. 2. Students are generally eager and very fresh at the beginning of the semester. Chapters 1 and 2 can be assigned during the first week, and you can move almost immediately into discussions of production possibilities, the idea of opportunity cost, the use of marginal analysis, and comparative advantage (see Chapter 2). It should also be easy to meld a discussion of the points contained in the Chapter 1 Appendix with the analytics of Chapter 2. 3. One point to stress in discussing the role and importance of economic analysis is that, while individual responses to changes in an economic environment are not always predictable, the aggregate response often is. The use of such knowledge is valuable in virtually any context in which individuals, households, firms, resource owners, and so on, are faced with changing opportunities and costs. You might use some examples to illustrate this, such as what is the predicted response to a tax on gasoline and who ends up paying for the tax or the impact of a tax refund on consumer behavior. 4. From a purely analytical perspective, the most important concept introduced in this chapter is the idea that decisions are made on the basis of marginal analysis. You might stress that marginal analysis is a cornerstone of economics. 5. Some terminology in the text may deviate from your own lecture notes. If you intend to use any of the Test Banks, try to mention deviations between the text’s usage and the terms you use in your lectures. For example, the text uses the word resources whereas you might use factors of production in your lecture notes. 6. Some students think that economics is synonymous with business. You may wish to explain the difference, because many of your students will be studying business administration. . Many students will be apprehensive about the mathematics used in the course. A good way for students to master the few mathematical tools needed in class is by through application and by using the Study Guides and the online materials. It is essential for students to become comfortable with reading and shifting graphs as well as dividing fractions. The appendix to Chapter 1 provides a good foundation for the tools needed. 8. Many beginning students do not understand what economists mean by the statement â€Å"consumers are rational. It is helpful to emphasize that rationality does not imply that all consumers must be identical or that all consumers make â€Å"good† decisions all the time. Individuals can have dramatically different tastes for goods and service and yet all can be considered rational. ANSWERS TO End-of-Chapter Questions and exercises ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. (Definition of Economics) What determines whether or not a resource is scarce? Why is the concept of scarcity important to the definition of economics? A resource is scarce when the amount people desire exceeds the amount available at a price of zero. The concept of scarcity is important to the definition of economics because scarcity forces people to choose how they will use their resources in an attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants and desires. Economics is about making choices. Without scarcity there would be no economic problem, and therefore no need to choose between competing wants and desires. 2. (Resources) To which category of resources does each of the following belong? a. A taxi b. Computer software c. One hour of legal counsel d. A parking lot e. A forest f. The Mississippi River g. An individual introducing a new way to market products on the Internet. a. capital; a manufactured item employed to produce a service. b. capital; a manufactured item employed to produce a good. c. labor; human effort. d. capital and natural resources; the parking lot is on a natural resource (land), but the land has undergone capital improvement in the form of leveling and paving. e. natural resource. f. natural resource. g. entrepreneurial ability. 3. (Goods and Services) Explain why each of the following would not be considered â€Å"free† for the economy as a whole: a. Food vouchers b. U. S. aid to developing countries c. Corporate charitable contributions d. Noncable television programs e. Public high school education aEven if food vouchers allow individuals to â€Å"purchase† food at no cost, producing the food in the first place uses resources and hence has a cost. b. U. S. aid, while free to the recipient country, involves costs to the United States because the aid requires the use of U. S. resources to assist developing countries. c. The corporation (and its owners) pays for these gifts. d. This is perhaps the most interesting example. Free† TV is paid for by consumers through the higher prices of the products advertised there. The cost of advertising is passed along to consumers. e. Public high school education is paid for by citizens, either through taxes or borrowing. 4. (Economic Decision Makers) Which group of economic decision makers plays the leading role in the economic system? Which groups play supporting roles? In what s ense are they supporting actors? The main decision makers are households, with firms, governments, and the rest of the world serving as supporting actors. Households are considered to be the lead actors since they supply resources used in production, and demand goods and services produced by other actors. Firms, governments, and the rest of the world are supporting actors because they demand the resources that households supply and use them to produce and supply the goods that households demand. 5. (Micro versus Macro) Determine whether each of the following is primarily a microeconomic or a macroeconomic issue: a. What price to charge for an automobile b. Measuring the impact of tax policies on total consumer spending in the economy c. A household’s decisions about what to buy d. A worker’s decision regarding how much to work each week e. Designing a government policy to increase total employment Microeconomics is the study of the individual economic behavior of decision-making units in the economy, whereas macroeconomics studies the performance of the economy as a whole. a. Microeconomic issue; it refers to the price of an individual good. b. Macroeconomic issue; it refers to the economy as a whole. c. Microeconomic issue; it refers to the decision of one individual household. . Microeconomic issue; it refers to the decisions of one worker. e. Macroeconomic issue; it refers to the economy as a whole. 6. (Micro versus Macro) Some economists believe that in order to really understand macroeconomics, you must first understand microeconomics. How does microeconomics relate to macroeconomics? Microeconomics studies the behavior and choices made by individuals. The behavior and choices made by these indivi duals is added together to determine the economy–wide(or macroeconomic(measures, such as total production and unemployment. Microeconomics studies the individual pieces of the economic puzzle; macroeconomics fits those pieces together. 7. (Normative versus Positive Analysis) Determine whether each of the following statements is normative or positive: a. The U. S. unemployment rate was below 10. 0 percent in 2010. b. The inflation rate in the United States is too high. c. The U. S. government should increase the minimum wage. d. U. S. trade restrictions cost consumers $40 billion annually. A positive statement is a statement about what is. It can be supported or rejected by reference to facts. A normative statement concerns what someone thinks ought to be. It is an opinion and can’t be shown to be true or false by reference to facts. a. Positive. Either the unemployment rate was below 10. 0 percent or it was not. The validity of the statement can be checked with appropriate data. b. Normative. There is no objective measure of when the inflation rate is high and when it is not. The statement reflects someone’s opinion of what rate is too high. c. Normative. The word â€Å"should† is usually an indication of an opinion–a normative statement. d. Positive. In principle, the cost of trade restrictions could be measured. Measurement does not involve opinions 8. (Role of Theory) What good is economic theory if it can’t predict the behavior of a specific individual? This question highlights the fact that economics, like all social sciences, attempts to describe and explain human behavior. In doing so, it cannot measure and control for all factors influencing behavior. The result is that the behavior of a specific individual cannot be explained or predicted, but the behavior of groups of individuals can be. We cannot, for example, predict any particular individual’s buying response to a sale. We can, however, predict what kind of total selling volume will occur because of a sale. Answers to Problems and Exercises 9. (Rational Self-Interest) Discuss the impact of rational self-interest on each of the following decisions: a. Whether to attend college full time or enter the workforce full time b. Whether to buy a new textbook or a used one c. Whether to attend a local college or an out-of-town college a. Individuals will compare the expected benefits of attending college full time with the expected costs. One benefit might be that the individual’s stock of knowledge and productivity will grow, and so will his or her wage. Costs include not only tuition, but also the wages that could have been earned by working instead of attending college full time. If the expected benefits outweigh the costs, then the rational person will choose to go to college full time. b. Individuals will compare the expected benefits of a new textbook with the higher costs of purchasing a new textbook. Benefits include not being confused by other students’ markings in the book and a higher resale value. However, the out-of-pocket cost of a new book will be higher than the cost of a used book. If the expected benefits outweigh the costs, then a rational person will purchase the new textbook. c. Individuals will compare the expected benefits and costs associated with both colleges under consideration and will choose the college at which the difference between benefits and costs is greater. The costs of attending an out-of-town college may include greater travel costs and phone bills and benefits such as learning about a different region. 10. Rational Self-Interest) If behavior is governed by rational self-interest, why do people make charitable contributions of time and money? Rational self-interest is not blind materialism, pure selfishness, or greed. Rational self-interest means we choose the option that maximizes expected benefits with a given cost. People will give more to charities when the contribution is tax deductible. The lower the personal cost of helping others the more we are willing to help and contribute.. 11. (Marginal Analysis) The owner of a small pizzeria is deciding whether to increase the radius of delivery area by one mile. What considerations must be taken into account if such a decision is to increase profitability? By increasing its delivery radius, the store will have greater sales. However, these marginal revenues must be balanced against the additional costs incurred, such as greater consumption of pizza ingredients, more gasoline for the delivery truck, and possibly the need to hire additional labor and increase advertising. 12. (Time and Information) It is often costly to obtain the information necessary to make good decisions. Yet your own interests can best be served by rationally weighing all options available to you. This requires informed decision making. Does this mean that making uninformed decisions is irrational? How do you determine how much information is the right amount? Rational decision makers will continue to acquire information as long as the benefit of the additional information exceeds the additional costs. Oftentimes we are willing to pay others to gather and digest the information for us. 13. (CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines) Do vending machines conserve any resources other than labor? Does your answer offer any additional insight into the widespread use of vending machines in Japan? Vending machines, in addition to being labor saving, also conserve space and time. Given the population density of Japan and the limited â€Å"free time† of the typical Japanese worker, vending machines can be expected to be popular among both sellers and buyers in Japan. 14. (CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines) Suppose you had the choice of purchasing identically priced lunches from a vending machine or at a cafeteria. Which would you choose? Why? Different students will answer this question in different ways, but the key point is that non-monetary factors affect decision making. For example, students who opt for the cafeteria instead of the vending machine may, for example, do so because of the impersonal nature of the machine and the desire to â€Å"socialize† the eating experience. 15. (Pitfalls of Economic Analysis) Review the discussion of pitfalls in economic thinking in this chapter. Then identify the fallacy, or mistake in thinking, in each of the following statements: a. Raising taxes always increases government revenues. b. Whenever there is a recession, imports decrease. Therefore, to stop a recession, we should increase imports. . Raising the tariff on imported steel helps the U. S. steel industry. Therefore, the entire economy is helped. d. Gold sells for about $1,000 per ounce. Therefore, the U. S. government could sell all the gold in Fort Knox at $1,000 per ounce and reduce the national debt. a. This assertion is a mistake because the secondary effects of taxes on production and the labor supply are ignored. If the tax rate were raised to 100 percent, for example, no one would want to work or produce. b. This is the fallacy that association implies causation. It is more likely that recession causes a change in imports than the other way round. c. This is a fallacy of composition. True, the tariff may help the steel industry. But it hurts purchasers of steel, including the automobile and construction industries. The overall effect on the economy is unclear. d. This is the fallacy of composition, because attempts to sell so much gold at once would push down the price of gold. 16. (Association Versus Causation) Suppose I observe that communities with lots of doctors tend to have relatively high rates of illness. I conclude that doctors cause illness. What’s wrong with this reasoning? The causality is undoubtedly in the other direction; that is, doctors will tend to locate where there is a lot of disease and therefore a greater need for medical care. 17. (CaseStudy: College Major and Annual Earnings) Because some college majors pay nearly twice as much as others, why would students pursuing their rational self-interest choose a lower paying major? Students select college majors for a variety of reasons, and the expected pay is only one of them. Some students may have a special interest in lower-paying fields, such as philosophy, religion, or social work. Some students may not have the aptitude to succeed in the higher-paying majors, such as engineering, mathematics, or computer science. And many students, when they select a major, may simply be unaware of the pay differences based on college major. 18. (Global Economic Watch) Select Global Issues in Context and in the Basic Search box at the top of the page, enter the phrase â€Å"selfish. † On the Results page, scroll down to the Magazines section. Choose the red link to View All. Scroll down to click on the link for the December 8, 2008, article â€Å"Going Green for Selfish Reasons. Are the companies described acting out of rational self-interest? The article indicates that, although the companies’ actions may help the environment, the companies are primarily motivated to save costs, an example of rational self-interest. 19. (Global Economic Watch) Select Global Issues in Context and in the Basic Search box at the top of the page, enter either the term â€Å"microe conomic† or the term â€Å"macroeconomic. † Choose one of the resources and write a summary in your own words. Especially emphasize how the resource is an example of microeconomics or macroeconomics. Student answers will vary, but should demonstrate understanding of the definitions of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Answers to Appendix Questions 1. (Understanding Graphs) Look at Exhibit 5 and answer the following questions: a. In what year (approximately) was the unemployment rate the highest? In what year was it the lowest? b. In what decade, on average, was the unemployment rate highest? In what decade was it lowest? c. Between 1950 and 1980, did the unemployment rate generally increase, decrease, or remain about the same? a. In 1931 the unemployment rate reached its highest point, 25 percent. In 1942 it reached its lowest, approximately 1 percent. b. Unemployment was the highest in the decade of the 1930s and lowest in the decade of the 1900s. c. Between 1950 and 1980, unemployment generally increased. 2. (Drawing Graphs) Sketch a graph to illustrate your idea of each of the following relationships. Be sure to label each axis appropriately. For each relationship, explain under what circumstances, if any, the curve could shift: a. The relationship between a person’s age and height b. Average monthly temperature in your home town over the course of a year c. A person’s income and the number of hamburgers consumed per month d. The amount of fertilizer added to an acre of land and the amount of corn grown on that land in one growing season e. An automobile’s horsepower and its gasoline mileage (in miles per gallon) a. In the years between birth and 15, you would expect a person’s height to increase as his or her age increased. After age 15 or so, height would remain constant. [pic] b. The average monthly temperature in your home town over the course of a year varies with the seasons. [pic]Seasons c. In the following example drawn, the number of hamburgers consumed per month will rise at first as a person’s income increases. (The curve is steeply upward sloping from the origin to an income of $10,000). However, after a certain income level, there will be less and less of a rise in the number of hamburgers consumed per month. (The curve is still upward sloping but is flattening between an income of $10,000 and $20,000. ) Then, as income rises further, this consumer will decide to try other foods and actually buys fewer hamburgers per month. (The curve begins to slope downward after an income of $20,000 is reached. ) pic] d. As you add more fertilizer, you expect to produce more corn per acre up to a point of saturation. An acre of land will have some finite limit on what it can produce in one growing season, no matter how much fertilizer is added! [pic] e. As a car is engineered to be more powerful with more horsepower, you would expect it to use more gasoline and to get lo wer mileage per gallon of gasoline. [pic] 3. (Slope) suppose you are given the following data on wage rates and number of hours worked: | | |Hours Worked | | |Hourly | | |Point |Wage |Per Week | a |$0 |0 | |b |5 |0 | |c |10 |30 | |d |15 |35 | |e |20 |45 | |f |25 |50 | a. Construct and label a set of axes and plot these six points. Label each point a, b, c, and so on. Which variable do you think should be measured on the vertical axis, and which variable should be measured on the horizontal axis? b. Connect the points. Describe the resulting curve. Does it make sense to you? c. Compute the slope of the curve between points a and b. Between points b and c. Between points c and d. Between points d and e. Between points e and f. What happens to the slope as you move from point a to point f? a. It is conventional in economics to measure prices on the vertical axis. Here the wage rate is the price of an hour of labor, so it goes on the vertical axis. Hours worked is measured on the horizontal axis. B. THE GRAPH SHOWS THAT AT VERY LOW WAGE RATES, THE PERSON CHOOSES NOT TO WORK AT ALL. IT’S JUST NOT WORTH HER WHILE. HOWEVER, ONCE THE WAGE REACHES $10 PER HOUR, SHE BEGINS TO OFFER HER TIME IN THE LABOR MARKET BY BEING WILLING TO WORK 30 HOURS PER WEEK. AT HIGHER AND HIGHER WAGE RATES, SHE IS WILLING TO WORK MORE AND MORE HOURS. c. THE SLOPE IS MEASURED BY THE VERTICAL CHANGE THAT RESULTS FROM A GIVEN CHANGE ALONG THE HORIZONTAL AXIS. From point a to point b, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is zero. Slope is 5/0 = assumed infinity. From point b to point c, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 30. Slope is 5/30 = +1/6. From point c to point d, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 5. Slope is 5/5 = +1. From point d to point e, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 10. Slope is 5/10 = +1/2. From point e to point f, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 5. Slope is 5/5 = +1. A change in the steepness of the curve indicates a change in slope. As the curve becomes steeper, the rate of increase in hours of work (slope) is increasing. The shape of the curve indicates that as the curve flattens, the rate of increase in hours of work (slope) is decreasing. ———————– d a b c e f How to cite Microeconomics/Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Questions and Answers, Papers

Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics is a collection of ten books authored by Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics book attempts to advance the understanding of ethics. As a matter of fact, both book one and two intensely explore the concept of moral virtues. In book one, Aristotle asserts that an individual can have certain moral virtues and lack others. He goes further to explain how the concept of ‘good’ is defined in human life (Bartlewtt and Collins 12). He claims that every pursuit, action, thought or enquiry should be aimed at achieving some good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fact that there are many actions that people engage in, Aristotle argues that their ends are countless. Moreover, every individual carry out his or her activities where the end results are expected to be good, a factor that secures the highest end of human life ( Pakaluk 13). According to Aristotle, happiness is the supreme goodness of life. He notes that different people hold diverse opinions on what constitute happiness. There are those who argue that honor is the greatest benefit of human life. Therefore, Aristotle asserts that anything good is most likely to be impressive in the same manner. Nevertheless, there is a considerable diversity of things which people perceive as good. He concludes that anything that constitutes happiness is a virtue (Bartlewtt and Collins 15). In this case, for an individual to be considered good, he or she has to demonstrate some moral virtues. Aristotle divides the human soul into two distinct parts whereby one is rational and the other is irrational (Pakaluk 46). In this case, he will be able to display external goods characterized by pleasant and noble acts that bring happiness to others. Aristotle also argues that politics is the highest level of good since it cultivates dispositions that lead to noble ac tions. He confirms that an individual full of reason get to be happy since the person may act in accordance to reason (Bartlewtt and Collins 19). Apparently, virtuous individuals are able to endure external misfortunes and end up living a happy life that ignorant people. Aristotle concludes that happiness is the key principle that causes people to practice virtues such as confidence, respect, prudence and wisdom. In book II Aristotle discusses and defines how virtue should be understood. According to the author, there are two types of virtues namely intellectual and moral virtues. Aristotle comprehends that people are born with the potential for moral virtuousness and this is enhanced by constant practice. Therefore, ethical virtues are gained by habituation since we have the ability to cultivate and nurture them. For Aristotle, a good government should help its citizens to habituate virtuous acts and make them proper to every occasion (Bartlewtt and Collins 26).Advertising Loo king for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, he laments that education can play vital role in making people take pleasure in good acts. Arguably, Aristotle declines the assumption that virtues and vices are feelings. He comments that the aspects are acquired through deliberate choices since they are natural. He suggest that though ethical virtues are determined by actions and feelings people should try to have the right feeling to act for the right purpose. Still on the argument, Aristotle identifies a crucial distinction between acting virtuously and being virtuous. He argues that one can only become virtuous after learning to behave virtuously (Pakaluk 46). However, he claims that since circumstances vary, there is no distinct rule to follow while exercising virtuousness. Instead, one can develop a mean policy between two extremes where one is excess and the other is scarce. As an example, Aristotle poi nts of that the level of courage might vary depending on circumstances. Works Cited Bartlewtt, Robert, and Susan Collins. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Chicago, USA: Chicago University Press, 2011.Print. Pakaluk, Michael. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Print. This essay on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle was written and submitted by user Ser Duncan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.